Dependencia y adicción al smartphone entre el alumnado universitario: ¿Mito o realidad?

Contenido principal del artículo

Rosabel Roig-Vila
Alexander López-Padrón
Mayra Urrea-Solano

Resumen

El avance y desarrollo de las tecnologías digitales ha provocado que el smartphone sea ya parte integrante de la existencia humana. Esto resulta particularmente evidente entre las generaciones más jóvenes, quienes lo utilizan frecuentemente en casi todas las facetas de su vida. No obstante, el consumo desproporcionado y desequilibrado de este tipo de dispositivos puede llegar a generar un grave impacto en su bienestar físico y mental. Esto, unido a las elevadas tasas de empleo de este colectivo, provoca que en ocasiones su uso sea catalogado como dependiente y adictivo. Sin embargo, la adicción al teléfono móvil sigue siendo debatida entre la comunidad científica. Por ello, este estudio se propuso identificar el perfil de utilización del alumnado universitario respecto al smartphone y determinar si este es problemático. En la investigación participaron 350 estudiantes del 1er curso de los Grados de Magisterio en Educación Infantil y Primaria de la Universidad de Alicante (España). Todos ellos cumplimentaron un cuestionario sobre esta temática. Los datos se procesaron con el programa de análisis estadístico SPSS versión 25, con el que se realizó un estudio descriptivo. Los resultados indican que, si bien en ocasiones el smartphone se convierte en un medio para evitar la soledad, la mayoría de participantes presentaba un patrón de consumidor habitual, vinculado a otros usuarios o redes. Por tanto, desde la perspectiva del alumnado universitario, el uso de este tipo de dispositivos no puede ser calificado de dependiente o adictivo. Por ello, y a la vista de sus potencialidades para el aprendizaje, se concluye subrayando la necesidad de integrarlo en las aulas universitarias, pero previendo los riesgos que su uso excesivo puede ocasionar.

Detalles del artículo

Sección
Sección Monográfica

Referencias

Aguilera-Manrique, G., Márquez-Hernández, V. V., Alcaraz-Córdoba, T., Granados-Gámez, G., Gutiérrez-Puertas, V., & Gutiérrez-Puertas, L. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and the distraction associated with smartphone use among nursing students in their clinical practicum. PLoS ONE, 13, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202953

Alkhateeb, A., Alboali, R., Alharbi, W., & Saleh, O. (2020). Smartphone addiction and its complications related to health and daily activities among university students in Saudi Arabia: A multicenter study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9, 3220-3224. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1224_19

Alosaimi, F. D., Alyahya, H., Alshahwan, H., Al Mahyijari, N., Shaik, S. A. (2016). Smartphone addiction among university students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal, 37, 675-683. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2016.6.14430

Al-Saggaf, Y., O Donnell, S. B. (2019). Phubbing: Perceptions, reasons behind, predictors, and impacts. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.137

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association.

Anshari, M., Alas, Y., & Sulaiman, E. (2019). Smartphone addictions and nomophobia among youth. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 14(3), 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2019.1614709

Bekaroglu, E., & Yilmaz, T. (2020). Nomophobia: Differential diagnosis and treatment. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 12(1), 131-142. https://doi.org/ 10.18863/pgy.528897

Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39

Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2021). Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414

Cabero-Almenara, J., Torres-Barbazal, L., & Hermosilla-Rodríguez, J. M. (2019). ICT and the creation of critical digital citizenship. Education in the Knowledge Society, 20, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks2019_20_a22

Cachón-Zagalaz, J., Sanabrias-Moreno, D., Sánchez-Zafra, M., Zagalaz-Sánchez, M. L., & Lara-Sánchez, A. J. (2020). Use of the smartphone and self-concept in university students according to the gender variable. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124184

Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. En N. L. Gage (Ed.), Handbook for research on teaching (pp. 171-246). Rand McNally.

Canale, N., Vieno, A., Doro, M., Mineo, E. R., Marino, C., & Billieux, J. (2019). Emotion-related impulsivity moderates the cognitive interference effect of smartphone availability on working memory. Scientific Reports, 9, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54911-7

Capilla, E., & Cubo, S. (2017). Phubbing. Wing network connected and disconnected from reality. an analysis in relation to psychological well-being. Píxel-Bit. Revista de Medios y Educación, 50, 173-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/pixelbit.2017.i50.12

Carbonell, X., Chamarro, A., Oberst, U., Rodrigo, B., & Prades, M. (2018). Problematic use of the internet and the smartphones in university students: 2006-2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030475

Catiker, A., Buyuksoy, G. D. B., & Ozdil, K. (2021). Is there a relationship between nursing students smartphone use, their fear of missing out and their care-related behaviour? Nurse Education in Practice, 54, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103111

Chow, S., Leung, G., Ng, C., Yu, E. (2009). A screen for identifying maladaptive Internet use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7, 324-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-008-9170-4

Cuesta, U., Cuesta, V., Martínez, L., & Niño, J. I. (2020). Smartphone: en comunicación, algo más que una adicción [Smartphone: In communication more than addiction]. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 75, 367-381. https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1431

De Almeida, C. N., & Cabero, J. (2020). Aid-augmented reality for reinforced class: Students perception. Alteridad. Revista de Educación, 15(1), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v15n1.2020.01v

De Sousa, D., de Lima, M. R., & Reis, T. A. (2022). Gamification, I have no idea what it is: A study in the Physical Education initial teacher training. Alteridad. Revista de Educación, 17(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v17n1.2022.01

De-Sola, J., Talledo, H., Rodríguez, F., & Rubio, G. (2019). Prevalence of problematic cell phone use in an adult population in Spain as assessed by the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). PLoS ONE, 12, 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181184

Ditrendia. (2020). Informe Ditrendia: Mobile en España y en el Mundo 2020 + Especial COVID-19. https://bit.ly/3O3pLgu

Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030

Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2020). Fear of missing out (FOMO): Overview, theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative affectivity and problematic technology use. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(2), 203-209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0870

Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2017.05.00149

Europa Press (14 de mayo de 2021). El uso del smartphone aumenta un 102% en la última década en España [Smartphone use increases 102% in the last decade in Spain]. Europa Press. https://bit.ly/3TuhUJT

Ferriz-Valero, A., Osterlie, O., García Martínez, S., & García-Jaén, M. (2020). Gamification in physical education: Evaluation of impact on motivation and academic performance within higher education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124465

Gómez, J., Lázaro-Pérez, C., & Martínez-López, J. (2021). Exploratory study on video game addiction of college students in a pandemic scenario. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 10(2), 330-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.7821/naer.2021.7.750

Han, J. H., Park, S. J., & Kim, Y. (2022). Phubbing as a millennials new addiction and relating factors among nursing students. Psychiatry Investigation, 19(2), 135-145. https://doi.org/10.30773%2Fpi.2021.0163

Hasan, R., & Hasan, R. (2022). Pedestrian safety using the Internet of things and sensors: Issues, challenges, and open problems. Future Generation Computer Systems, 134, 187-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2022.03.036

Hernández, R., & Mendoza, C. (2018). Metodología de la investigación. Las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta [Research methodology. Quantitative, qualitative and mixed routes]. Editorial McGraw-Hill Education.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2022). Mujeres en el profesorado por enseñanza que imparten [Women in the teaching staff by teaching they provide]. https://bit.ly/3USTjzw

Jahrami, H., Abdelaziz, A., Binsanad, L., Alhaj, O. A., Buheji, M., Bragazzi, N. L., Saif, Z., BaHammam, A. S., & Vitiello, M. V. (2021). The association between symptoms of nomophobia, insomnia and food addiction among young adults: Findings of an exploratory cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020711

Jansen-Kosterink, S. M., Bergsma, J., Francissen, A., & Naafs, A. (2020). The first evaluation of a mobile application to encourage social participation for community-dwelling older adults. Health and Technology, 10, 1107-1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12553-020-00430-9

Javed, A. R., Faheem, R., Asim, M., Baker, T., & Beg, M. O. (2021). A smartphone sensors-based personalized human activity recognition system for sustainable smart cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 71, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102970

Kara, M., Baytemir, K., & Inceman, K. (2021). Duration of daily smartphone usage as an antecedent of nomophobia: Exploring multiple mediation of loneliness and anxiety. Behaviour & Information Technology, 40(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1673485

Krumpal, I. (2013). Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: A literature review. Quality & Quantity, 47, 2025-2047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9640-9

Lai, X., Hu, C., Ying, L., Xu, H., Zhao, C., Yang, X., Yu, X., & Zhang, G. (2022). Risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and phubbing behavior among college students in China. Psychological Reports. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221084905

Leonardi, P., Leonardi, M. E., & Hudson, E. (2006). Culture, organization, and contradiction in the social construction of technology: Adoption and use of the cell phone across three cultures. En A. Kavoori, & N. Arceneaux (Eds.), The cell phone reader: Essays in social transformation (pp. 205-225). Peter Lang.

Li, L., Niu, Z., Mei, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). A network analysis approach to the relationship between fear of missing out (FoMO), smartphone addiction, and social networking site use among a sample of Chinese university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107086

Lin, Y., & Zhou, X. (2022). Bedtime smartphone use and academic performance: A longitudinal analysis from the stressor-strain-outcome perspective. Computers and Education Open, 3, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2022.100110

López-Fernández, O., Honrubia-Serrano, M. L., & Freixa-Blanxart, M. (2012). Adaptación española del Mobile phone problem use scale para población adolescente [Spanish adaptation of the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale for adolescent population]. Adicciones, 24(2), 123-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.104

López-Fernández, O., Kuss, D. J., Romo, L., Morvan, Y., Kern, L., Graziani, P., Rousseau, A., Rumpf, H.J., Billieux, J. (2017). Self-reported dependence on a mobile pones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 168-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.020

Marín, V., Sampedro, B. E., Ortega, J. M., & Figueroa, J. (2022). Predictive factors of problematic smartphone use in young Spanish university students. Heliyon, 8(9), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10429

Marín, V., Vega, E., & Sampedro, B. E. (2018). Problematic use of the smartphone by university students. Revista Española de Drogodependencias, 43(1), 62-76. https://bit.ly/3GdOKMq

Marín-Díaz, V., Muñoz-González, J. M., & Sampedro-Requena, B. E. (2020). Problematic relationship with smartphones of Spanish and Colombian university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155370

Martínez-Sánchez, I., Goig-Martínez, R. M., Álvarez-Rodríguez, J., Fernández-Cruz, M. (2020). Factors contributing to mobile phone dependence amongst young people-Educational implications. Sustainability, 12(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062554

Navarro-Mateos, C., & Pérez-López, I. J. (2022). A phone app as an enhancer of students motivation in a gamification experience in a university context. Alteridad. Revista de Educación, 17(1), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v17n1.2022.05

Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., Nandavar, S., Newton, J. D. A., Demant, D., & Phillips, J. G. (2019). Problematic use of mobile phones in Australia. Is it getting worse? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00105

Pangrazio, L., & Sefton-Green, J. (2021). Digital rights, digital citizenship and digital literacy: Whats the difference? Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 10(1), 15-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7821/naer.2021.1.616

Panova, T., & Lleras, A. (2016). Avoidance or boredom: Negative mental health outcomes associated with use of information and communication technologies depend on users motivations. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 249-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.062

Panova, T., Carbonell, X., Chamarro, A., & Puerta-Cortés, D.X. (2020). Specific smartphone uses and how they relate to anxiety and depression in university students: A cross-cultural perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology, 39, 944-956. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1633405

Pera, A. (2020). The psychology of addictive smartphone behavior in young adults: Problematic use, social anxiety, and depressive stress. Frontiers Psychiatry, 11, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.573473

Piaggio, D., Namm, G., Melillo, P., Simonelli, F., Iadanza, E., & Pecchia, L. (2021). Pupillometry via smartphone for low-resource settings. Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 41(3), 891-902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2021.05.012

Ríos, J., Matas-Terron, A., Rumiche Chávarry, R., & Chunga Chinguel, G. (2021). Scale for measuring phubbing in Peruvian university students: Adaptation, validation and results of its application. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 10(2), 175-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.7821/naer.2021.7.606

Rodríguez-García, A. M., Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., & López, J. (2020). Nomophobia: An individuals growing fear of being without a smartphone - A systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020580

Roig-Vila, R., López-Padrón, A., & Urrea-Solano, M. (2021a). Perfil del uso académico del smartphone entre estudiantes noveles universitarios españoles e iberoamericanos [Profile of smartphone academic use among Spanish and Latin American university students in their freshman years]. American Journal of Distance Education, 35(1), 66-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2021.1880730

Roig-Vila, R., Prendes-Espinosa, P., & Urrea-Solano, M. (2020b). Problematic smartphone use in Spanish and Italian university students. Sustainability 12(24),1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410255

Roig-Vila, R., Romero-Guerra, H., & Rovira-Collado, J. (2021b). BookTubers as multimodal reading influencers: An analysis of subscriber interactions. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 5(7), 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti5070039

Roig-Vila, R., Urrea-Solano, M., & Gavilán-Martín, D. (2020a). The quality of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis families views. Education Sciences, 10(9), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10090256

Romero, J. M., & Aznar, I. (2019). Análisis de la adicción al smartphone en estudiantes universitarios. Factores influyentes y correlación con la autoestima [Analysis of smartphone addiction in university students. Influential factors and correlation with self-steem]. RED. Revista de Educación a Distancia, 60, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.6018/red/60/08

Romero-Rodríguez, J. M., Aznar-Díaz, I., Marín-Marín, J. A., Soler-Costa, R., & Rodríguez-Jiménez, C. (2020). Impact of problematic smartphone use and Instagram use intensity on self-esteem with university students from physical education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124336

Rozgonjuk, D., Elhai, J. D., Ryan, T., & Scott, G. G. (2019). Fear of missing out is associated with disrupted activities from receiving smartphone notifications and surface learning in college students. Computers & Education, 140, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.05.016

Ruiz, C., (2016). Perfil de uso del teléfono móvil e Internet en una muestra de universitarios españoles. ¿Usan o abusan? [Profile of cell phone and Internet use in a sample of Spanish university students: Do they use or abuse?] Bordón. Revista de Pedagogía, 68, 131-145. https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2016.68307

Ruiz-Palmero, J., Colomo-Magaña, E., Sánchez-Rivas, E., & Linde-Valenzuela, T. (2021). Estudio del uso y consumo de dispositivos móviles en universitarios [Study of the use and comsumption of mobile devices in university students]. Digital Education Review, 39, 89-106. https://bit.ly/3GankXD

Salcines-Talledo, I., González-Fernández, N., & Briones, E. (2020). The smartphone as a pedagogical tool. Student profiles as related to its use and knowledge. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 9(1), 91-109. https://doi.org /10.7821/naer.2020.1.454

Seel, P. B. (2022). Digital universe. The global telecommunication revolution. Wiley Blackwell.

Sentana-Gadea, I., Llorca-Schenk, J., & Díaz-Ivorra, M.C. (2022). Application of convergent technologies in teaching: Flipped classroom and augmented reality. En F. Cavas, G. Peris-Fajarnes, P. Morer, I. Lengua, & B. Defez (Eds.), Advances in design engineering II. INGEGRAF 2021. Lecture notes in mechanical engineering (345-357). Springer.

Servidio, R. (2021). Self-control and problematic smartphone use among Italian university students: The mediating role of the fear of missing out and of smartphone use patterns. Currenty Psychology, 40, 4101-4111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00373-z

Sharma, R., Vaidya, V., Rajan, R., Eldhose, A. T., Ratre, H., & Rai, H. L. (2022). Smartphone dependency and its impact on academics among medical and nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Integrative Nursing, 4(1), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.4103/jin.jin_44_21

Simo, C., Martínez, A., Ballester, Ma. L., & Domínguez, A. (2017). Tools of assessment of problematic mobile phones/smartphone use. Health and Addictions, 17(1), 5-14.

Sohn, S., Rees, P., Wildridge, B., Kalk, N. J., & Carter, B. (2019). Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: A systematic review, meta-analysis and grade of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry, 19, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x

Statista. (2022). Global smartphone penetration rate as share of population from 2016 to 2020. https://bit.ly/3g2K8xO

Stevic, A., Koban, K., Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2022). You are not alone: Smartphone use, friendship satisfaction, and anxiety during the COVID crisis. Mobile Media & Communication, 10(2), 294-315. https://doi.org/10.1177/20501579211051820

Sunitha, V., Rajesh, R., & Aruna, J. (2020). Assessment on prevalence and its factors on phantom vibration syndrome among UG and PG students in selected colleges. Journal of Education Technology in Health Sciences, 7(3), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.jeths.2020.022

Vedova, A. M., Covolo, L., Muscatelli, M., Loscalzo, Y., Giannini, M., & Gelatti, U. (2022). Psychological distress and problematic smartphone use: Two faces of the same coin? Findings from a survey on young Italian adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 132, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107243

Veytia, M. G., Lara, R. S., & García, O. (2018). Objetos virtuales de aprendizaje en la Educación Superior [Virtual learning objects in higher education]. Eikasia: Revista de Filosofía, 79, 207-224. https://bit.ly/3AcQa5S

Voda, M., Dumitrache, N. D., Negru, R., Du, Q., & Gan, C. (2022). Rural geosystems future in the smartphone world: The inception of Romanian tourist sites. Sustainability, 14(15), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159652

Yang, Z., Asbury, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). A cancer in the minds of youth? A qualitative study of problematic smartphone use among undergraduate students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 934-946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00204-z

Yao, N., & Wang, Q. (2022). Technostress from smartphone use and its impact on university students sleep quality and academic performance. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. https://bit.ly/3AfuINz

Yu, S., & Sussman, S. (2020). Does smartphone addiction fall on a continuum of addictive behaviors? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020422

Yuan, G., Elhai, J. D., & Hall, B. J. (2021). The influence of depressive symptoms and fear of missing out on severity of problematic smartphone use and Internet gaming disorder among Chinese young adults: A three-wave mediation model. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106648

Zwilling, M. (2022). The impact of nomophobia, stress, and loneliness on smartphone addiction among young adults during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: An israeli case analysis. Sustainability, 14(6), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063229