Evaluación de las emisiones contaminantes en vehículos diésel alimentados con biodiésel en condiciones reales de conducción

Contenido principal del artículo

Edilberto Antonio Llanes-Cedeño
Andrés Cárdenas-Yánez
Edwin Chamba
Juan Carlos Castelo
Juan Carlos Rocha-Hoyos

Resumen

Esta investigación evalúa los efectos de las mezclas de biodiésel de aceite de fritura usado (B10 y B20) con combustible convencional, en términos de emisiones, a gran altitud (entre 2619 y 2877 m s. n. m.), bajo condiciones reales de conducción en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, Ecuador. Se realizaron ensayos comparativos con dos vehículos con motor diésel; el primer sistema CRDI de inyección directa de common rail denominado M2.5C; el segundo, con sistema de bomba de inyección, denominado H2.5B, ambos alimentados inicialmente con diésel puro como línea base. Las tasas de emisiones de escape se cuantificaron en caliente mediante el sistema portátil de medición de emisiones (PEMS), a lo largo de una ruta de 15,7 km que incluyó condiciones de ascenso, descenso por carretera y tramos urbanos. Los resultados permiten concluir que las emisiones mínimas de CO se registran al utilizar diésel convencional en ambos motores (H2.5B y M2.5C); las emisiones de HC son mínimas con la mezcla B20, y las emisiones de NOx no presentan variaciones significativas, independientemente del combustible utilizado. En el circuito urbano, tampoco se observa una variación significativa de las emisiones de NOx según el tipo de combustible.

Detalles del artículo

Sección
Artículo Científico

Referencias

WHO. (2019) How air pollution is destroying our health. World Health Organization. [Online]. Available: https://upsalesiana.ec/ing34ar6nr1

C. Henríquez and H. Romero, Urban Climates in Latin America. Springer International Publishing, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97013-4

H. Jorquera, L. D. Montoya, and N. Y. Rojas, Urban Air Pollution. Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp. 137–165. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97013-4_7

R. O. McClellan, T. W. Hesterberg, and J. C. Wall, “Evaluation of carcinogenic hazard of diesel engine exhaust needs to consider revolutionary changes in diesel technology,” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 225–258, Jul. 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.04.005

L. D. Claxton, “The history, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of carbon-based fuels and their emissions. part 3: Diesel and gasoline,” Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, vol. 763, pp. 30–85, Jan. 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.09.002

L. E. Tipanluisa, A. P. Remache, C. R. Ayabaca, and S. W. Reina, “Emisiones contaminantes de un motor de gasolina funcionando a dos cotas con combustibles de dos calidades,” Información tecnológica, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 03–12, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642017000100002

D. Krajzewicz, M. Behrisch, P. Wagner, R. Luz, and M. Krumnow, Second Generation of Pollutant Emission Models for SUMO. Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 203–221. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15024-6_12

M. Balali-Mood, A. Ghorani-Azam, and B. Riahi- Zanjani, “Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in iran,” Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 65, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-1995.189646

R. J. Wild, W. P. Dubé, K. C. Aikin, S. J. Eilerman, J. A. Neuman, J. Peischl, T. B. Ryerson, and S. S. Brown, “On-road measurements of vehicle no 2 /no x emission ratios in denver, colorado, usa,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 148, pp. 182–189, Jan. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.10.039

V. Bermúdez, J. R. Serrano, P. Piqueras, J. Gómez, and S. Bender, “Analysis of the role of altitude on diesel engine performance and emissions using an atmosphere simulator,” International Journal of Engine Research, vol. 18, no. 1–2, pp. 105–117, Jan. 2017. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416679569

ISO. (1975) Iso 2533:1975 – standard atmosphere. International Organization for Standardization. [Online]. Available: https://upsalesiana.ec/ing34ar6nr11

L. Mena Navarrete, M. Román, E. A. Llanes Cedeño, N. Barreno, S. Mena Palacio, and J. C. Rocha-Hoyos, “Estudio de rugosidad por análisis de fourier de las toberas de inyectores en sistemas riel común (crdi),” Ingeniare. Revista chilena de ingeniería, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 654–662, Dec. 2018. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-33052018000400654

B. Karolys, E. A. Cedeño, W. Vega, S. Cevallos, and J. Rocha-Hoyos, “Effect of injection parameters and emission characteristics in a common-rail direct injection diesel engine in height conditions: A review,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, pp. 164–171, 08 2019. [Online]. Available: https://upsalesiana.ec/ing34ar6nr14

G. Triantafyllopoulos, A. Dimaratos, L. Ntziachristos, Y. Bernard, J. Dornoff, and Z. Samaras, “A study on the co2 and nox emissions performance of euro 6 diesel vehicles under various chassis dynamometer and on-road conditions including latest regulatory provisions,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 666, pp. 337–346, May 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.144

L. Ntziachristos, G. Papadimitriou, N. Ligterink, and S. Hausberger, “Implications of diesel emissions control failures to emission factors and road transport nox evolution,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 141, pp. 542–551, Sep. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.07.036

Z. Kan, Z. Hu, D. Lou, P. Tan, Z. Cao, and Z. Yang, “Effects of altitude on combustion and ignition characteristics of speed-up period during cold start in a diesel engine,” Energy, vol. 150, pp. 164–175, May 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.103

G. Fontaras, B. Ciuffo, N. Zacharof, S. Tsiakmakis, A. Marotta, J. Pavlovic, and K. Anagnostopoulos, “The difference between reported and real-world co 2 emissions: How much improvement can be expected by wltp introduction?” Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 25, pp. 3933–3943, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.333

E. A. Llanes Cedeño, J. C. Rocha-Hoyos, D. B. Peralta Zurita, and J. C. Leguísamo Milla, “Evaluación de emisiones de gases en un vehículo liviano a gasolina en condiciones de altura. caso de estudio quito, ecuador,” Enfoque UTE, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 149–158, Jun. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.29019/ENFOQUEUTE.V9N2.201

M. Kousoulidou, G. Fontaras, L. Ntziachristos, P. Bonnel, Z. Samaras, and P. Dilara, “Use of portable emissions measurement system (pems) for the development and validation of passenger car emission factors,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 64, pp. 329–338, Jan. 2013. [Online]. Available: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.062

W. Litwin, W. Leśniewski, D. Piątek, and K. Niklas, “Experimental research on the energy efficiency of a parallel hybrid drive for an inland ship,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 9, p. 1675, May 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091675

A. Ashraful, H. Masjuki, M. Kalam, I. Rizwanul Fattah, S. Imtenan, S. Shahir, and H. Mobarak, “Production and comparison of fuel properties, engine performance, and emission characteristics of biodiesel from various non-edible vegetable oils: A review,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 80, pp. 202–228, Apr. 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.01.037

F. S. Mirhashemi and H. Sadrnia, “Nox emissions of compression ignition engines fueled with various biodiesel blends: A review,” Journal of the Energy Institute, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 129–151, Feb. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2019.04.003

S. Dharma, H. C. Ong, H. Masjuki, A. Sebayang, and A. Silitonga, “An overview of engine durability and compatibility using biodiesel–bioethanol–diesel blends in compression-ignition engines,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 128, pp. 66–81, Nov. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.072

H. How, H. Masjuki, M. Kalam, and Y. Teoh, “Influence of injection timing and split injection strategies on performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blended fuels,” Fuel, vol. 213, pp. 106–114, Feb. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.102

A. Gharehghani, M. Mirsalim, and R. Hosseini, “Effects of waste fish oil biodiesel on diesel engine combustion characteristics and emission,” Renewable Energy, vol. 101, pp. 930–936, Feb. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.09.045

J. C. Rocha-Hoyos, E. A. Llanes-Cedeño, S. F. Celi-Ortega, and D. C. Peralta-Zurita, “Efecto de la adición de biodiésel en el rendimiento y la opacidad de un motor diésel,” Información tecnológica, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 137–146, Jun. 2019. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642019000300137

M. Kousoulidou, G. Fontaras, L. Ntziachristos, and Z. Samaras, “Biodiesel blend effects on common-rail diesel combustion and emissions,” Fuel, vol. 89, no. 11, pp. 3442–3449, Nov. 2010. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.06.034

K. J. Godri Pollitt, D. Chhan, K. Rais, K. Pan, and J. S. Wallace, “Biodiesel fuels: A greener diesel? a review from a health perspective,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 688, pp. 1036–1055, Oct. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.002

B. Tesfa, F. Gu, R. Mishra, and A. Ball, “Emission characteristics of a ci engine running with a range of biodiesel feedstocks,” Energies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 334–350, Jan. 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/en7010334

J. Medrano-Barboza, K. Herrera-Rengifo, A. Aguirre-Bravo, J. R. Ramírez-Iglesias, R. Rodríguez, and V. Morales, “Pig slaughterhouse wastewater: Medium culture for microalgae biomass generation as raw material in biofuel industries,” Water, vol. 14, no. 19, p. 3016, Sep. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193016

A. Broch, U. Jena, S. Hoekman, and J. Langford, “Analysis of solid and aqueous phase products from hydrothermal carbonization of whole and lipid-extracted algae,” Energies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 62–79, Dec. 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/en7010062

A. Demirbas, “Biodiesel from waste cooking oil via base-catalytic and supercritical methanol transesterification,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 923–927, Apr. 2009. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.12.023

G. Knothe, J. Krahl, and J. Van Gerpen, The Biodiesel Handbook, 2nd ed. Urbana, IL, USA: AOCS Press/Academic Press, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://upsalesiana.ec/ing34ar6nr33

A. K. Bhonsle, A. Kumar, A. Ray, J. Singh, N. Rawat, and N. Atray, “Biodiesel production from used cooking oil at room temperature using novel solvent – a techno-economic perspective, sensitivity analysis and societal implications,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 324, p. 119282, Jan. 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119282

C. F. Morales-Bayetero, E. A. Llanes-Cedeño, C. Mafla-Yépez, and A. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, “Assessment of the mechanical and environmental behavior of diesel engines operating with biodiesel mixtures,” Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, Feb. 2023.

F. E. Quinchimbla Pisuña and J. M. Solís Santamaría, Development of city, road and combined driving cycles to evaluate the actual fuel performance of an Otto cyclepowered vehicle in the Metropolitan District of Quito. 2017. Quito, Ecuador: Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://upsalesiana.ec/ing34ar6nr37

J. I. Huertas, M. Giraldo, L. F. Quirama, and J. Díaz, “Driving cycles based on fuel consumption,” Energies, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 3064, Nov. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113064

J. C. Leguísamo, E. A. Llanes-Cedeño, S. F. Celi-Ortega, and J. C. Rocha-Hoyos, “Evaluación de la conducción eficiente en un motor de encendido provocado, a 2810 msnm,” Información tecnológica, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 227–236, Feb. 2020. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642020000100227

J. R. Serrano, P. Piqueras, A. Abbad, R. Tabet, S. Bender, and J. Gómez, “Impact on reduction of pollutant emissions from passenger cars when replacing euro 4 with euro 6d diesel engines considering the altitude influence,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 1278, Apr. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071278

V. Kolanjiappan, “Reduction of amine and biological antioxidants on nox emissions powered by mango seed biodiesel,” Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 84, pp. 46–54, Sep. 2017. [Online]. Available: http://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.n84a06

Y. Guardia-Puebla, J. Márquez-Delgado, V. Sánchez-Girón, E. A. Llanes-Cedeño, J. C. Rocha-Hoyos, and D. B. Peralta-Zurita, “Enhancements to the subject statistical design of experiments for students of the mechanical engineering career,” Revista ESPACIOS, vol. 39, no. 30, p. 10, 2018, [En línea]. [Online]. Available: https://upsalesiana.ec/ing34ar6nr42

G. Belgiorno, G. Di Blasio, S. Shamun, C. Beatrice, P. Tunestål, and M. Tunér, “Performance and emissions of diesel-gasoline-ethanol blends in a light duty compression ignition engine,” Fuel, vol. 217, pp. 78–90, Apr. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.090

H.-H. Riojas-González, L.-J. Bortoni-Anzures, J.-J. Martínez-Torres, and H. A. Ruiz, “Avances y estrategias para mejorar el desempeño del biodiésel en motor diésel,” Ingenius, no. 30, pp. 90–105, Jul. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n30.2023.08