Design of a Tsunami Early Warning System for Ecuador based on Satellite Terminals
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Published:
2017-07-01
Keywords:
Tsunami, warning system, satellite, ultracapacitor, INOCAR, INMARSAT.
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Abstract
The Ecuador earthquake on April 16, 2016, with a moment magnitude of 7.8, generated a small local Tsunami event clearly registered by the DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) buoy system which took less than 10 minutes to arrive to the coast of Esmeraldas. Ecuador has the risk of a major Tsunami event occurring near to its shore. Under this scenario of a Tsunami event near to Ecuadorian shore, a Tsunami Early Warning System to alert vulnerable coastal cities based on the readings from the Tsunami Buoys located at Ecuadorian waters is mandatory. This paper describes the design of a Tsunami Early Warning System for Ecuadorian Coast based on short-burst satellite terminals installed on Tsunami buoys near the Ecuadorian shore and early warning siren located at coastal cities. The system installed on the Tsunami buoy has access to the BPR (Bottom Pressure Recorder) readings; in case of a Tsunami event registered by the BPR, the system automatically sends a data frame to trigger the early warning siren at the coastal cities. The proposed system is based on low cost microcontrollers with open source code and solar panels with ultracapacitors as energy storage unit to ensure high endurance without significant maintenance. Based on the field test results, this design for a fully autonomous early warning Tsunami System turned out as potentially appropriate to protect the population of Ecuadorian coastal cities.
Article Details
Section
Scientific Paper
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References
REFERENCES
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[1] Eddie N. Bernard, Christian Meinig, "History and future of deep-ocean tsunami measurements", OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA, pp 1-7, 19-22 Sept 2011.
[2] Japan Meteorological Agency, 2013: “Improvements in JMAs Tsunami Warning/Advisory Operation System,” http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/tsunami_keihou_kaizen/index.html.
[3] Peter Folger, "U.S. Tsunami Programs: A Brief Overview", CRS Report for Congress, March 18, 2011. http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/159342.pdf.
[4] C. Meinig, S. Stalin, A Nakamura, H. Milburn, "Real-time deep-ocean tsunami measuring, monitoring, and reporting system: The NOAA DART II description and disclosure" NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Jun 2005.
[5] J.L. Swenson, S.L. Beck, "Historical 1942 Ecuador and 1942 Peru subduction earthquakes and earthquake cycles along Colombia-Ecuador and Peru subduction segments", PAGEOPH 146 (1996) 67-101.
[6] H. Kanamori, K. Mcnally. "VARIABLE RUPTURE MODE OF THE SUBDUCTION ZONE ALONG THE ECUADOR-COLOMBIA COAST",Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 1241-1253, August 1982.
[7] INOCAR, "Technical Report Tsunami 16 April 2016", 2016. http://www.inocar.mil.ec/web/index.php/boletines/oleaje-y-aguaje/36-informes-tecnicos/589-informe-tecnico-de-tsunami-16-abril-2016
[8] Nannan He, Han-Way Huang, B. Woltman. "The Use of BeagleBone Black Board in Engineering Design and Development". The 2014 ASEE North Midwest Section Conference, October 16?17,2014,Iowa City,IA.
[9] S. Prasad, P. Mahalakshmi, A. Sunder, R. Swathi, "Smart Surveillance Monitoring System Using Raspberry PI and PIR Sensor".(IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (6), 2014, 7107-7109.
[10] P. Kumar, P. Kumar. "Arduino Based Wireless Intrusion Detection Using IR Sensor and GSM". International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol. 2, Issue. 5, May 2013, pg.417–424.
[11] Skywave "White Paper: Satellite Communications for SCADA Equipment Monitoring". http://www.skywave.com/styles/images/stories/whitepapers/whitepaper-satellite_communications_for_scada_equipment_monitoring_eng.pdf.
[12] R. Cole, "An Analysis of the Inmarsat Data from MH370", University College London, 16/6/14 issue1.
[13] M.E. Glavin, W.G. Hurley, "Optimisation of a photovoltaic battery ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system", SciVerse ScienceDirect, Solar Energy 86, 2012.
[14] Maxwell Technologies Inc."Top 10 Reasons for using Ultracapacitors in your system designs". http://www.maxwell.com/images/documents/whitepaper_top_10_reasons_for_ultracaps.pdf.
[15] Varney, P. A. S., & Méndez, G. L. A. “DISEÑO DE UN SISTEMA DE ALERTA TEMPRANA PARA DETECTAR EVENTOS TSUNAMIGÉNICOS ASOCIADOS CON LA VARIACIÓN EXTREMA DEL NIVEL DE LA MAREA EN LA COSTA PACÍFICA COLOMBIANA”. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE TECNOLOGIAS DE AVANZADA (RCTA), 1(17). 2013.
[16] Inocar, 2014: "Inocar instaló una nueva boya de detección de tsunamis frente a las costas de Esmeraldas", http://www.inocar.mil.ec/web/index.php/comunicamos/156-inocar-instalo-una-nueva-boya-de-deteccion-de-tsunamis-frente-a-las-costas-de-esmeraldas
[17] Andes, "Armada de Ecuador cambiará boya de alerta de tsunamis, deteriorada por mala acción de pescadores", http://www.andes.info.ec/es/actualidad/armada-ecuador-cambiar%C3%A1-boya-alerta-tsunamis-deteriorada-mala-acci%C3%B3n-pescadores.html
[18] Orbcomm, “Skywave Data Sheet”, http://www.orbcomm.com/PDF/datasheet/IDP-600-Asset-Tracking-pt.pdf